Dealing With Corruption As A Centralized Versus...

Definition The first and foremost problem in dealing with corruption is trying to define the term. There is plenty of literature out that describes a general definition: Tilman (1970) first defined corruption as the result of the adoption of a market-pricing mechanism for government goods and services rather than a mandatory pricing model of allocation Shah (2007) broadly describes corruption as the exercise of official powers against public interest or the abuse of public office for private gains. Other authors delve deeper in their description of corruption as the illegal privatization of state property and the selling of state power by public officials. This often takes the form of creating private gain by said public officials through classic rent-seeking activities, which will be described in the next section (Vasavakul 2008; Gainsborough 2009; Bai 2013; Morris 1991; Lancaster 2001; Rock 2004; Rose-Ackerman 2000; Treisman 2000). Other scholars have attempted to take different approaches to defining corruption in terms of a centralized versus decentralized nature. Shleifer and Vishny (1993) conclude that government bureaucracies and agencies act as monopolists selling complementary government-produced goods that are legally required for private sector activity. Waller, Verdier and Gardner (2002) go further by explaining that decentralized corruption is a system in which higher-level officials collect a fixed amount of bribe income from each bureaucrat who collects aShow MoreRelatedInternational Human Resources3038 Words   |  13 Pagesdistinctive national problems nor about the ‘copying’ of HRM practices, as many of these practices suit national cultures and institutions without necessarily being transferable. Indeed, issues of concern in IHRM are those of consistency or standardization, versus customization or adaptation, within diverse social and cultural environments (Nankervis, Compton Bai rd, 2002). Existing IHRM Models Several conceptual models seek to describe and predict how MNEs might conduct IHRM on an abstract level fromRead MoreGlobal Business Management: Current Trends and Practices5739 Words   |  23 Pagespicture. They become so focused on the bottom line – keeping costs down and rushing products to the consumer – that they fail to consider other factors that may directly impact their operations. Risk management strategies must include plans for dealing with an array of new threats and concerns - terrorism; cyber crime; piracy; potential political and economic instability around the globe; ethnic, religious and cultural differences; compatibility and interoperability of technological systems; globalRead MorePest Analysis of Telenor11594 Words   |  47 Pages Protection of personal data 42 Intellectual property 42 Property and assets 42 Nature and the environment 42 Information that may affect the stock price 42 Information, communication and contact with the media 43 Expertise and authority 43 Accounting 43 Reporting amp; Disclosure 43 Internal control 43 Relations with Customers, Suppliers, Competitors and Public authorities 43 Competition 44 Corruption and bribery 44 Gifts and business courtesies 44 Money laundering 44 ControllingRead MoreCsr in British Petroleum and Exxon Mobil10051 Words   |  41 Pageslocated in the developing countries. • Successful development of the activities of such companies has a substantial economic impact on the host country Ââ€" potentially a powerful lever for broad social and economic development, an attractive target for corruption, or disruptive social impact. • There is a significant environmental ‘footprint Ââ€" which impacts along the entire supply chain Ââ€" with implications for resource use, fragile eco-systems and biodiversity, air and water quality, as well as wasteRead MoreGeneral Electric60506 Words   |  243 Pages CORE CONCEPT: A company’s strategy is driven partly by management analysis and choice and partly by the necessity of adapting and learning by doing. 12. Crafting Strategy Calls for Good Entrepreneurship: The constantly evolving nature of a company’s situation puts a premium on management’s ability to exhibit astute entrepreneurship. 13. Masterful strategies come partly, maybe mostly, by doing things differently from competitors where it counts. 14. Good strategyRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesINTRODUCTION 5 is to the development of reggae music, which Jamaicans regard as their cultural contribution to the world. Later I will return to these issues and will demonstrate how they contribute to the routinization of Rastafari in Jamaica. The nature of this book dictates a heavy reliance on documentary analysis. My focus is interpretation not ethnography. Therefore, I have not sought to generate primary data on the movement but to analyze and re-analyze the growing body of scholarly and popularRead MoreKfc Marketing Strategies20155 Words   |  81 Pagesthe Internet. b. Retailers are now so closely linked with manufacturers that they can get delivery several times a day. 1. Wholesalers are not yet obsolete, but must change their functions to remain viable. A. THE VALUE VERSUS THE COST OF INTERMEDIARIES. 1. Some people think that if we could get rid of intermediaries, we could greatly reduce the cost of the things we buy. 2. The text uses the example of Fiberiffic to illustrate how marketing intermediariesRead MoreWalmart vs Carrefour26545 Words   |  107 Pagescommitment has great as well as long-term impact on following development of the firm and difficult to reverse (Ghemawat, 1991). Ghemawat (1991) continues to argue that such strategic commitment in the form of large-scale entry will influence the nature of competition in the market in terms of attracting customers and distributors in the long run and deterring entry of potential competitors, but also in terms of restricting its own resources to further expansion. Indeed, on one hand, the large entryRead MoreChapter 1 Accounting Information Systems and the Accountant14769 Words   |  60 Pagesof an AIS identify what information they need for their planning, decision making, and control functions. These examples illustrate why an AIS course is useful not only for accounting majors, but also for many non-accounting majors. Information (versus Data). Although the terms data and information are often used interchangeably, it is useful to distinguish between them. Data (the plural of datum) are raw facts about events that have little organization or meaning—for example, a set of raw scoresRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesthe foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizations or having people working for you, in both cases you will be dealing with people. To be understandable and lively means that we need to communicate you. We start every chapter with learning objectives. The most important thing you will get out of this course are the basic skills required to succeed in today’s environment

Peer Relationships - 2050 Words

Having arrived at the gateway to adulthood, the teenage years are an exciting time of freedom, no responsibilities, and supposedly the best time of your life; unfortunately it is not always a cake walk. Whether it is maintaining good grades or keeping up with what the plans are for the weekend, there is a serious amount of pressure throughout high school and it becomes easy to get lost in the madness. Studies show that the qualities of peer relationships at this time are key contributors to mental health now and throughout life. Positive relationships are beneficial to young adults because it helps in gaining a sense of what good social interactions are and produces equal or greater relationships in the future. On the flip side, poor peer†¦show more content†¦Isolation amongst peers has negative repercussions towards young adult mental health because at this age, according to Kingsly Nyarko of the University of Ghana’s psychology department, being accepted by peers ha s important implications for adjustment both during adolescence and into adulthood. Friends are supporters and motivators, they help you feel better when you’re sad and can talk you through any problems you are facing. When that support is missing from a person’s life, they have no one to talk to, making them feel alone and excluded. This can damage an adolescent’s ability to maintain healthy friendships and possess adequate social skills. Being teased, rejected or socially excluded by other pupils on an ongoing basis has been identified as the single most common characteristic of children who are at high risk for developing emotional and behavioral disorders (McGrath amp; Noble, 2010). Isolation makes adolescents feel as if there is something wrong with them, thus lowering self-esteem and creating disorders such as anorexia, depression, anxiety and bipolar disorders. Some individuals recover from loneliness by using their own strategies, or by letting time do t he healing. Others require outside professional help. The most obvious approach is to help people develop satisfying personal relationships. This can be done by improving how they interact with others through social skills training or forms of psychotherapy aimed at changing dysfunctionalShow MoreRelatedNegative and Positive Effects of Peer Relationships1564 Words   |  7 PagesPossessing a functional or dysfunctional family is of much importance to a healthy development, helping children through peer pressure, acceptance, and the anxiety of belonging. Yet how important is the environment that a child is raised on, this being shared or non-shared? How difficult or easy can peer pressure be? Will peer pressure help or deter a child from being functional. How much do these factors affect development from childhood to adolescence? This paper will explain the different stagesRead MoreThe Association Of Parent Adolescent Relationships And Adolescent Relationship With Their Peers Essa y1490 Words   |  6 Pagesexamine the association of parent-adolescent relationships and the adolescent’s relationship with their peers. Previous research has found that parents do play a crucial role in shaping a child’s social skills and in their relationships with peers but this is prior to adolescence. The literature review had found that studies on parental influences through adolescence are not as common and the ones that were available typically only focused on how parents and peers influence social development in their ownRead MoreRelationship Between Self Efficacy And Peer Pressure Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagessubjections to peer pressure and self-efficacy expectations. This research study focused on the relationship between self-efficacy and peer pressure. It is conducted at the time when adolescents develop mentally and physically. Among this trend, friends become the domination of life and become a great influence to these young adults. Peer groups can consist of adolescents with similar social groups, life goals, thought patterns, ages, or even common friends. The need for acceptance arises and peer pressureRead MoreCase Study 3: Developmental Disability. 1.Peer Relationships1496 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 3: Developmental Disability 1. Peer relationships and play are an important part of healthy development, so it is necessary that we find a way to help Sierra build relationships with her peers. According to Kasari, Huynh, and Gulsrud’s chapter, â€Å"Play Interventions for Children with Autism,† children with autism who also have language difficulties show less object-directed and self-directed play, which can impact their formation of peer relationships. Thus, some of Sierra’s difficulty makingRead MoreThe Relationship Between Bullying And Peer Relationship1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relationship Between Bullying and Peer Relationship In Middle Childhood Bullying is an unfortunate issue that many children face every day. When people think about bullying many imagine something like this; one child yelling at another to get his or her attention. Also, another scenario would be a child being bullied for their lunch or lunch money. However, today’s bullying issues have become much more severe. Unfortunately, today’s bullying antics could easily lead to physical and psychologicalRead MoreAdolescent Relationships And Peer Adolescent Relationship2114 Words   |  9 PagesSpecific Purpose: The purpose is to examine parent-adolescent relationships and peer-adolescent relationships to determine the effects it gives an adolescent in their behavior. The results gathered will bring about factors and ways the adolescents get along with their parents and peers. The findings can indicate what it is that changes their behavior. More information about the adolescent’s life styles at home and outside of home can lead to more ways in which adolescents change their behavior moreRead MoreThe Relationship Between Staff, Children, And Peers Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pages I am going to explain about the interactions between staff, children, and peers. I will also be describing the space and furniture, health and safety, and the program structure in the center. The firs topic is about interections. I will explain the interactions between the staff and the children. There was a group of twenty-two children and three teachers, two women and one man. They seemed to have a nice relationship, however some times they had incidents. Teachers seemed to be very nice withRead MoreRelationship Between Marital Conflict And Children s Peer Relationships1439 Words   |  6 Pagesand children’s peer relationships. The proposed study will be a 12-year longitudinal study. Data will be taken from the participants every four years beginning with children aged 5 at the beginning of the study. The child’s parents, teachers, peers and the child were asked to answer various questionnaires including the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC), Conflict Tactics Scale, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Problem Behavior Questionnaire, and a peer nomination techniqueRead MoreThe Relationship Between Peer Victimizatio n And Academic Achievement1354 Words   |  6 PagesI have been reading about the relationship between peer victimization (bullying, cyberbullying, and/or other types of abuse) and academic achievement. By design, I chose studies that were each focused on a participant groups of a different age. Gaining a deeper understanding of these potential connections would be valuable to anyone involved in creating positive environments where children and teens can learn and thrive. Specific stakeholders who might benefit include parents, family membersRead MoreAdolescent Relationships with Parents and Peers Essay examples1380 Words   |  6 Pagespositive relationship between adolescents and their respective parents. The evidence of the changes in peer and parent-child relationships during early adolescence suggests that early adolescence is a critical period of transformation in childrens relationships. Early adolescents may orient toward peers while distancing themselves from their parents because their peer relationships fit some of their developmental needs better than their relationships with their parents. The waxing of peer orientation

Traffic and National Crime Records Free Essays

Traffic is terrific  on roads Be it a weekend or a weekday, traffic is terrible on roads in India. The number of vehicles on Indian roads is simply alarming and in populous cities like Mumbai, Calcutta and Delhi, there is no space for pedestrians on the roads. In Delhi, it is just not the number of moving vehicles that create traffic on roads; a huge number of stationary vehicles parked along the roads are also responsible for traffic congestion. We will write a custom essay sample on Traffic and National Crime Records or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since cars and motorbikes are parked on roads, the amount of space for moving vehicles is reduced significantly, resulting in more traffic jams and a delay in commute. According to a report published by the National Crime Records Bureau, the frequency of traffic collision is the highest in India, as compared to the rest of the world. Every year, more than 135,000 deaths occur in India due to traffic collisions. The traffic in India has increased over the years because people, especially the middle class and upper class people, are not keen on taking public transport. Slowly, this mindset is changing with the latest development of metro rail transport system in big cities in India. However, since safety and connectivity are major issues pertaining to public transport, people continue to use private vehicles for travel purposes. And this constitutes heavily to traffic congestion. In India, the entire population uses the same roads unlike certain countries where cyclists and slow moving vehicles use separate lanes. In India, we can see motorbikes, cars, trucks, autos, rickshaws, bicycles, and even animal carts travelling on the same road. Since the speeds of these vehicles are different, traffic congestion is more likely to occur. In addition, people do not follow traffic signals, and at times, traffic signals don’t work, forcing drivers and bikers to make and follow their own rules. The booming population, an increase in the number of vehicles over the years, lack of civic sense and the lack of proper traffic rules have resulted in chaotic roads and traffic congestion on Indian roads. Every individual thinks he is the king of the road, travelling at his own will and on his own rules, putting other road users at risk. Traffic concerns are not just limited to drivers on roads. Even pedestrians find it difficult to navigate in traffic and cross the roads. It is time that the traffic police put on their thinking caps and helped the citizens of India travel decently on roads. How to cite Traffic and National Crime Records, Papers

Crystal Pepsi free essay sample

Pepsi detected what it considered to be a gap in the market. What the world was waiting for, the company decided, was a clear cola. After all, there were already a wide variety of diet colas, cherry colas, sugar free colas, caffeine free colas, colas with added caffeine and all of these had achieved a certain level of success. So, why not a clear cola? After months of tests and experiments, the company managed to obtain a new and clear formula and decided to call it â€Å"Pepsi Crystal†. They also manufactured a diet version: Diet Crystal Pepsi. Both products, Pepsi believed, answered the â€Å"new demand for purity† of the consumer. After all, it was a time when consumers were starting to decide between a bottle of Evian or Perrier with the same frequency as they were deciding between Coke and Pepsi. The only problem was that people expected that a product with the word â€Å"Pepsi† in its name would have the taste of – Pepsi! In fact, no one seemed to know what it tasted of! After a little more than a year, Pepsi stopped production of Crystal Pepsi and started working on a new, clearer formula. We will write a custom essay sample on Crystal Pepsi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1994, the remade product appeared on the shop shelves with the simple name Crystal and only made in the normal version. However, the negative perceptions continued and the second version of Crystal was even worse than its unpopular predecessor. Pepsi finally admitted defeat and completely eliminated the concept of clear cola. But as it never wanted to give in completely, it continued to be aware of the â€Å"demand for purity of the new consumer†. In 1994, the same year that it had launched Crystal, Pepsi decided that it wanted a part of the growing market of bottle water. So, it launched its own bottled water product, called Aguafina, which had considerably better success than Crystal in the American market. In addition, had more general marketing problems over the years. In particular, it had problems differentiating itself from Coca Cola. As it wasn? t the first to commercialise the category of cola, Pepsi was never going to be the generic name. It was very rare that people said â€Å"I? m going to have a Pepsi†. Even if they had a bottle of Pepsi in the fridge it was more likely that they said â€Å"I? m going to have a Coke†. However, in spite of the fact that this situation couldn? t be avoided for many years the Pepsi brand couldn? t manage to give the product a distinctive identity. In addition to this an important fact is that Pepsi infringed what Al and Laura Ries call â€Å"The Law of colour, one of its 22 Immutable Laws of Branding†, in the book of the same name. They say: â€Å"There is a very dominant logic in selecting a colour that is the opposite of your most important competitors .. Cola is a reddy-brown colour, so the logical colour for the brand is red. This is the reason that Coca Cola has been using red for more than 100 years. Pepsi-Cola made a bad choice. It chose red and blue as colours of the brand. The red to symbolise the cola and the blue to differentiate the brand from Coca-Cola. For years Pepsi has struggled with a less than ideal solution to the colour strategy of Coca-Cola. However, not long ago Pepsi sacrificed the colour red in favour of blue in order to create a distinction between the two leaders. Now Coca-Cola means red and Pepsi means blue.