Dealing With Corruption As A Centralized Versus...

Definition The first and foremost problem in dealing with corruption is trying to define the term. There is plenty of literature out that describes a general definition: Tilman (1970) first defined corruption as the result of the adoption of a market-pricing mechanism for government goods and services rather than a mandatory pricing model of allocation Shah (2007) broadly describes corruption as the exercise of official powers against public interest or the abuse of public office for private gains. Other authors delve deeper in their description of corruption as the illegal privatization of state property and the selling of state power by public officials. This often takes the form of creating private gain by said public officials through classic rent-seeking activities, which will be described in the next section (Vasavakul 2008; Gainsborough 2009; Bai 2013; Morris 1991; Lancaster 2001; Rock 2004; Rose-Ackerman 2000; Treisman 2000). Other scholars have attempted to take different approaches to defining corruption in terms of a centralized versus decentralized nature. Shleifer and Vishny (1993) conclude that government bureaucracies and agencies act as monopolists selling complementary government-produced goods that are legally required for private sector activity. Waller, Verdier and Gardner (2002) go further by explaining that decentralized corruption is a system in which higher-level officials collect a fixed amount of bribe income from each bureaucrat who collects aShow MoreRelatedInternational Human Resources3038 Words   |  13 Pagesdistinctive national problems nor about the ‘copying’ of HRM practices, as many of these practices suit national cultures and institutions without necessarily being transferable. Indeed, issues of concern in IHRM are those of consistency or standardization, versus customization or adaptation, within diverse social and cultural environments (Nankervis, Compton Bai rd, 2002). Existing IHRM Models Several conceptual models seek to describe and predict how MNEs might conduct IHRM on an abstract level fromRead MoreGlobal Business Management: Current Trends and Practices5739 Words   |  23 Pagespicture. They become so focused on the bottom line – keeping costs down and rushing products to the consumer – that they fail to consider other factors that may directly impact their operations. Risk management strategies must include plans for dealing with an array of new threats and concerns - terrorism; cyber crime; piracy; potential political and economic instability around the globe; ethnic, religious and cultural differences; compatibility and interoperability of technological systems; globalRead MorePest Analysis of Telenor11594 Words   |  47 Pages Protection of personal data 42 Intellectual property 42 Property and assets 42 Nature and the environment 42 Information that may affect the stock price 42 Information, communication and contact with the media 43 Expertise and authority 43 Accounting 43 Reporting amp; Disclosure 43 Internal control 43 Relations with Customers, Suppliers, Competitors and Public authorities 43 Competition 44 Corruption and bribery 44 Gifts and business courtesies 44 Money laundering 44 ControllingRead MoreCsr in British Petroleum and Exxon Mobil10051 Words   |  41 Pageslocated in the developing countries. • Successful development of the activities of such companies has a substantial economic impact on the host country Ââ€" potentially a powerful lever for broad social and economic development, an attractive target for corruption, or disruptive social impact. • There is a significant environmental ‘footprint Ââ€" which impacts along the entire supply chain Ââ€" with implications for resource use, fragile eco-systems and biodiversity, air and water quality, as well as wasteRead MoreGeneral Electric60506 Words   |  243 Pages CORE CONCEPT: A company’s strategy is driven partly by management analysis and choice and partly by the necessity of adapting and learning by doing. 12. Crafting Strategy Calls for Good Entrepreneurship: The constantly evolving nature of a company’s situation puts a premium on management’s ability to exhibit astute entrepreneurship. 13. Masterful strategies come partly, maybe mostly, by doing things differently from competitors where it counts. 14. Good strategyRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesINTRODUCTION 5 is to the development of reggae music, which Jamaicans regard as their cultural contribution to the world. Later I will return to these issues and will demonstrate how they contribute to the routinization of Rastafari in Jamaica. The nature of this book dictates a heavy reliance on documentary analysis. My focus is interpretation not ethnography. Therefore, I have not sought to generate primary data on the movement but to analyze and re-analyze the growing body of scholarly and popularRead MoreKfc Marketing Strategies20155 Words   |  81 Pagesthe Internet. b. Retailers are now so closely linked with manufacturers that they can get delivery several times a day. 1. Wholesalers are not yet obsolete, but must change their functions to remain viable. A. THE VALUE VERSUS THE COST OF INTERMEDIARIES. 1. Some people think that if we could get rid of intermediaries, we could greatly reduce the cost of the things we buy. 2. The text uses the example of Fiberiffic to illustrate how marketing intermediariesRead MoreWalmart vs Carrefour26545 Words   |  107 Pagescommitment has great as well as long-term impact on following development of the firm and difficult to reverse (Ghemawat, 1991). Ghemawat (1991) continues to argue that such strategic commitment in the form of large-scale entry will influence the nature of competition in the market in terms of attracting customers and distributors in the long run and deterring entry of potential competitors, but also in terms of restricting its own resources to further expansion. Indeed, on one hand, the large entryRead MoreChapter 1 Accounting Information Systems and the Accountant14769 Words   |  60 Pagesof an AIS identify what information they need for their planning, decision making, and control functions. These examples illustrate why an AIS course is useful not only for accounting majors, but also for many non-accounting majors. Information (versus Data). Although the terms data and information are often used interchangeably, it is useful to distinguish between them. Data (the plural of datum) are raw facts about events that have little organization or meaning—for example, a set of raw scoresRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesthe foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizations or having people working for you, in both cases you will be dealing with people. To be understandable and lively means that we need to communicate you. We start every chapter with learning objectives. The most important thing you will get out of this course are the basic skills required to succeed in today’s environment

Peer Relationships - 2050 Words

Having arrived at the gateway to adulthood, the teenage years are an exciting time of freedom, no responsibilities, and supposedly the best time of your life; unfortunately it is not always a cake walk. Whether it is maintaining good grades or keeping up with what the plans are for the weekend, there is a serious amount of pressure throughout high school and it becomes easy to get lost in the madness. Studies show that the qualities of peer relationships at this time are key contributors to mental health now and throughout life. Positive relationships are beneficial to young adults because it helps in gaining a sense of what good social interactions are and produces equal or greater relationships in the future. On the flip side, poor peer†¦show more content†¦Isolation amongst peers has negative repercussions towards young adult mental health because at this age, according to Kingsly Nyarko of the University of Ghana’s psychology department, being accepted by peers ha s important implications for adjustment both during adolescence and into adulthood. Friends are supporters and motivators, they help you feel better when you’re sad and can talk you through any problems you are facing. When that support is missing from a person’s life, they have no one to talk to, making them feel alone and excluded. This can damage an adolescent’s ability to maintain healthy friendships and possess adequate social skills. Being teased, rejected or socially excluded by other pupils on an ongoing basis has been identified as the single most common characteristic of children who are at high risk for developing emotional and behavioral disorders (McGrath amp; Noble, 2010). Isolation makes adolescents feel as if there is something wrong with them, thus lowering self-esteem and creating disorders such as anorexia, depression, anxiety and bipolar disorders. Some individuals recover from loneliness by using their own strategies, or by letting time do t he healing. Others require outside professional help. The most obvious approach is to help people develop satisfying personal relationships. This can be done by improving how they interact with others through social skills training or forms of psychotherapy aimed at changing dysfunctionalShow MoreRelatedNegative and Positive Effects of Peer Relationships1564 Words   |  7 PagesPossessing a functional or dysfunctional family is of much importance to a healthy development, helping children through peer pressure, acceptance, and the anxiety of belonging. Yet how important is the environment that a child is raised on, this being shared or non-shared? How difficult or easy can peer pressure be? Will peer pressure help or deter a child from being functional. How much do these factors affect development from childhood to adolescence? This paper will explain the different stagesRead MoreThe Association Of Parent Adolescent Relationships And Adolescent Relationship With Their Peers Essa y1490 Words   |  6 Pagesexamine the association of parent-adolescent relationships and the adolescent’s relationship with their peers. Previous research has found that parents do play a crucial role in shaping a child’s social skills and in their relationships with peers but this is prior to adolescence. The literature review had found that studies on parental influences through adolescence are not as common and the ones that were available typically only focused on how parents and peers influence social development in their ownRead MoreRelationship Between Self Efficacy And Peer Pressure Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagessubjections to peer pressure and self-efficacy expectations. This research study focused on the relationship between self-efficacy and peer pressure. It is conducted at the time when adolescents develop mentally and physically. Among this trend, friends become the domination of life and become a great influence to these young adults. Peer groups can consist of adolescents with similar social groups, life goals, thought patterns, ages, or even common friends. The need for acceptance arises and peer pressureRead MoreCase Study 3: Developmental Disability. 1.Peer Relationships1496 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 3: Developmental Disability 1. Peer relationships and play are an important part of healthy development, so it is necessary that we find a way to help Sierra build relationships with her peers. According to Kasari, Huynh, and Gulsrud’s chapter, â€Å"Play Interventions for Children with Autism,† children with autism who also have language difficulties show less object-directed and self-directed play, which can impact their formation of peer relationships. Thus, some of Sierra’s difficulty makingRead MoreThe Relationship Between Bullying And Peer Relationship1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relationship Between Bullying and Peer Relationship In Middle Childhood Bullying is an unfortunate issue that many children face every day. When people think about bullying many imagine something like this; one child yelling at another to get his or her attention. Also, another scenario would be a child being bullied for their lunch or lunch money. However, today’s bullying issues have become much more severe. Unfortunately, today’s bullying antics could easily lead to physical and psychologicalRead MoreAdolescent Relationships And Peer Adolescent Relationship2114 Words   |  9 PagesSpecific Purpose: The purpose is to examine parent-adolescent relationships and peer-adolescent relationships to determine the effects it gives an adolescent in their behavior. The results gathered will bring about factors and ways the adolescents get along with their parents and peers. The findings can indicate what it is that changes their behavior. More information about the adolescent’s life styles at home and outside of home can lead to more ways in which adolescents change their behavior moreRead MoreThe Relationship Between Staff, Children, And Peers Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pages I am going to explain about the interactions between staff, children, and peers. I will also be describing the space and furniture, health and safety, and the program structure in the center. The firs topic is about interections. I will explain the interactions between the staff and the children. There was a group of twenty-two children and three teachers, two women and one man. They seemed to have a nice relationship, however some times they had incidents. Teachers seemed to be very nice withRead MoreRelationship Between Marital Conflict And Children s Peer Relationships1439 Words   |  6 Pagesand children’s peer relationships. The proposed study will be a 12-year longitudinal study. Data will be taken from the participants every four years beginning with children aged 5 at the beginning of the study. The child’s parents, teachers, peers and the child were asked to answer various questionnaires including the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC), Conflict Tactics Scale, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Problem Behavior Questionnaire, and a peer nomination techniqueRead MoreThe Relationship Between Peer Victimizatio n And Academic Achievement1354 Words   |  6 PagesI have been reading about the relationship between peer victimization (bullying, cyberbullying, and/or other types of abuse) and academic achievement. By design, I chose studies that were each focused on a participant groups of a different age. Gaining a deeper understanding of these potential connections would be valuable to anyone involved in creating positive environments where children and teens can learn and thrive. Specific stakeholders who might benefit include parents, family membersRead MoreAdolescent Relationships with Parents and Peers Essay examples1380 Words   |  6 Pagespositive relationship between adolescents and their respective parents. The evidence of the changes in peer and parent-child relationships during early adolescence suggests that early adolescence is a critical period of transformation in childrens relationships. Early adolescents may orient toward peers while distancing themselves from their parents because their peer relationships fit some of their developmental needs better than their relationships with their parents. The waxing of peer orientation

Traffic and National Crime Records Free Essays

Traffic is terrific  on roads Be it a weekend or a weekday, traffic is terrible on roads in India. The number of vehicles on Indian roads is simply alarming and in populous cities like Mumbai, Calcutta and Delhi, there is no space for pedestrians on the roads. In Delhi, it is just not the number of moving vehicles that create traffic on roads; a huge number of stationary vehicles parked along the roads are also responsible for traffic congestion. We will write a custom essay sample on Traffic and National Crime Records or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since cars and motorbikes are parked on roads, the amount of space for moving vehicles is reduced significantly, resulting in more traffic jams and a delay in commute. According to a report published by the National Crime Records Bureau, the frequency of traffic collision is the highest in India, as compared to the rest of the world. Every year, more than 135,000 deaths occur in India due to traffic collisions. The traffic in India has increased over the years because people, especially the middle class and upper class people, are not keen on taking public transport. Slowly, this mindset is changing with the latest development of metro rail transport system in big cities in India. However, since safety and connectivity are major issues pertaining to public transport, people continue to use private vehicles for travel purposes. And this constitutes heavily to traffic congestion. In India, the entire population uses the same roads unlike certain countries where cyclists and slow moving vehicles use separate lanes. In India, we can see motorbikes, cars, trucks, autos, rickshaws, bicycles, and even animal carts travelling on the same road. Since the speeds of these vehicles are different, traffic congestion is more likely to occur. In addition, people do not follow traffic signals, and at times, traffic signals don’t work, forcing drivers and bikers to make and follow their own rules. The booming population, an increase in the number of vehicles over the years, lack of civic sense and the lack of proper traffic rules have resulted in chaotic roads and traffic congestion on Indian roads. Every individual thinks he is the king of the road, travelling at his own will and on his own rules, putting other road users at risk. Traffic concerns are not just limited to drivers on roads. Even pedestrians find it difficult to navigate in traffic and cross the roads. It is time that the traffic police put on their thinking caps and helped the citizens of India travel decently on roads. How to cite Traffic and National Crime Records, Papers

Crystal Pepsi free essay sample

Pepsi detected what it considered to be a gap in the market. What the world was waiting for, the company decided, was a clear cola. After all, there were already a wide variety of diet colas, cherry colas, sugar free colas, caffeine free colas, colas with added caffeine and all of these had achieved a certain level of success. So, why not a clear cola? After months of tests and experiments, the company managed to obtain a new and clear formula and decided to call it â€Å"Pepsi Crystal†. They also manufactured a diet version: Diet Crystal Pepsi. Both products, Pepsi believed, answered the â€Å"new demand for purity† of the consumer. After all, it was a time when consumers were starting to decide between a bottle of Evian or Perrier with the same frequency as they were deciding between Coke and Pepsi. The only problem was that people expected that a product with the word â€Å"Pepsi† in its name would have the taste of – Pepsi! In fact, no one seemed to know what it tasted of! After a little more than a year, Pepsi stopped production of Crystal Pepsi and started working on a new, clearer formula. We will write a custom essay sample on Crystal Pepsi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1994, the remade product appeared on the shop shelves with the simple name Crystal and only made in the normal version. However, the negative perceptions continued and the second version of Crystal was even worse than its unpopular predecessor. Pepsi finally admitted defeat and completely eliminated the concept of clear cola. But as it never wanted to give in completely, it continued to be aware of the â€Å"demand for purity of the new consumer†. In 1994, the same year that it had launched Crystal, Pepsi decided that it wanted a part of the growing market of bottle water. So, it launched its own bottled water product, called Aguafina, which had considerably better success than Crystal in the American market. In addition, had more general marketing problems over the years. In particular, it had problems differentiating itself from Coca Cola. As it wasn? t the first to commercialise the category of cola, Pepsi was never going to be the generic name. It was very rare that people said â€Å"I? m going to have a Pepsi†. Even if they had a bottle of Pepsi in the fridge it was more likely that they said â€Å"I? m going to have a Coke†. However, in spite of the fact that this situation couldn? t be avoided for many years the Pepsi brand couldn? t manage to give the product a distinctive identity. In addition to this an important fact is that Pepsi infringed what Al and Laura Ries call â€Å"The Law of colour, one of its 22 Immutable Laws of Branding†, in the book of the same name. They say: â€Å"There is a very dominant logic in selecting a colour that is the opposite of your most important competitors .. Cola is a reddy-brown colour, so the logical colour for the brand is red. This is the reason that Coca Cola has been using red for more than 100 years. Pepsi-Cola made a bad choice. It chose red and blue as colours of the brand. The red to symbolise the cola and the blue to differentiate the brand from Coca-Cola. For years Pepsi has struggled with a less than ideal solution to the colour strategy of Coca-Cola. However, not long ago Pepsi sacrificed the colour red in favour of blue in order to create a distinction between the two leaders. Now Coca-Cola means red and Pepsi means blue.

Advantages of Homeschooling Flashcard

Advantages of Homeschooling

11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing

11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing 11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing 11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing By Ali Hale Whether you’re writing just for fun, for school, or with professional goals in mind, these exercises can all help you to improve your writing. Some will give you inspiration, others will help you avoid editing as you write, and many of them will help you pay closer attention to your word choices. I hope you’ll enjoy giving them a go! #1: Cover Your Screen While You Write If you find yourself doing more editing than actual writing, then try covering up (or, on a laptop, turning down) your screen while you draft. If, like me, you can touch-type – try closing your eyes instead. I find it surprisingly relaxing! (Though I tend to stop every sentence or two to make sure I’ve hit the keys I thought I was hitting) At first, it might seem odd not to be able to see the words that you’re typing – but you might well find that you write faster and express your thoughts more freely this way. #2: Set a Daily Writing Goal and Track Your Progress Writing, as most other crafts, only gets better with practice. If you want to improve, therefore, you will need to write pretty much every single day. The best strategy to achieve this objective is to set a goal of how many words you want to write per day, and then to track your progress over time. A simple notebook or spreadsheet should be enough for you to record your daily statistics. The Prolifiko blog has a great piece with more tips to set writing goals and resolutions and to make sure you achieve them. #3: Use a Writing Prompt to Get You Going If you want to write, but you don’t know what you want to write, try using a writing prompt. This could be anything from a story scenario (â€Å"write about someone who gets caught in a lie†) to a blog post title (â€Å"Ten Things I Wish I Could Tell My 15-Year-Old Self†). Here are a couple of sources of prompts to keep you busy for a while: 25 creative writing prompts, a list of prompts you can use to start writing a simple story or even a novel. 365 Creative Writing Prompts, from Think Written – a mixed bag of prompts, with some for stories and some for poems; many would also work for blogging. Even if you’re working on a longer piece, like a novel, prompts can be helpful. A line of dialogue, for instance, might give you just the inspiration you need for your next scene. #4: Don’t Start at the Beginning Start at the End There’s no writing rule that says you need to begin at the beginning. In fact, many writers find it more effective to start at the end. You can do this in a couple of different ways: Start your story (or blog post, etc) close to the chronological end – e.g. you might begin with â€Å"As I stared down the mountain, I couldn’t believe I was actually here† You can then jump back in time and narrate the events that led up to that point. Write the end of your blog post (or story, etc) first. Once you’ve written your concluding paragraphs or final scenes, you’ll know what you’re leading up to. If you prefer not to write it out in full, you could make notes. #5: Rewrite a Masterpiece or a Famous Story Choose a famous masterpiece or classic novel (like Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice or Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet) and write your own version. This is a great exercise because you can do it at almost any level: you could write a short story for children, or you could write a whole novel or screenplay. (Bridget Jones’s Diary, for instance, borrowed heavily from Pride and Prejudice; the children’s movie Gnomeo and Juliet is based, as you might guess, on Romeo and Juliet.) You can do this with fairytales, too, like the story of Cinderella or Little Red Riding Hood. You might decide to bring the stories into the modern world – or you might switch to a completely different genre, like a Western version of Little Red Riding Hood or a sci-fi version of Cinderella. Hopefully, you’ll think of some interesting ways to present an old story in a new way – great practice for avoiding clichà ©s and stereotypes in your own writing. #6: Create a Found Poem from Your Spam Folder A â€Å"found poem† is one created from text that already exists – and some writers enjoy repurposing spam emails for this! Check your spam folder. I’m sure that, like mine, it’s full of emails with some strange wording and dubious promises like: I did not need to find a winning product. he gave it to me Just drinking 1 cup of this delicious hot beverage in the morning sets you up to burn more fat than 45 exhausting minutes on the treadmill. Hello %E-mail_address%, I know your very love Engineer Jobs and want have T-Shirt for Engineer Jobs. It is vital  to have a telephone system that has all the specific functions (All of these are taken verbatim from my own spam folder) Could you pick out a few lines (they don’t have to be consecutive ones) to create your own found poem? Feel free to add some words if needed. There are some wonderfully odd examples here. #7: Write Something Inspired By a Piece of Writing, Music or Art Inspiration can come in all sorts of ways – but if you’re struggling to find an idea, try turning to other people’s creative works.  In my blogging, I’ve often been inspired by other people’s post structures, by an idea of theirs that I want to take further – or even by something they’ve written that I disagree with. You can use music and art in a similar way: they can be particularly potent sources of ideas for stories. If you have a favourite song or artist, what in their work speaks to you? How could you craft a story using some of those themes or thoughts? Alternatively, look through some photos of artworks, and choose one or more to use as the basis for a story. #8: Interview Your Novel’s Characters This is a fun exercise that a lot of writers use to dig into who their characters are: the character interview. You can work through a pre-set list of questions, or you can come up with your own in advance, or you can just start typing and go with the flow! You might do this essentially like a character questionnaire or checklist, or you might want to write it more like a mini-story, with you as the author inviting your character to sit down and talk. Depending on the sort of fiction you write, the setting for your interview could be almost anything – perhaps you’re enjoying a casual chat over coffee and cake with your character, or maybe you’re interviewing them as a journalist, or even in court. Or, if you’re into rather darker fiction, you might be conducting an interrogation However you do this, it’s a great exercise to have fun with, and you might discover a whole backstory to your character that you’d never thought about before. #9: Use the Alphabet This is a fun exercise that can work for almost any type of writing: craft a piece where each sentence starts with the next letter of the alphabet. Here’s the start of one to show you what I mean: At six oclock, Josie woke up. Before shed even opened her eyes, she knew what had woken her: she could hear it, just like shed heard it every Friday morning for months. Cliff, her neighbour, was out  in his garden. Despite all the times shed gone round and asked him, through gritted teeth, to please wait until at least seven, he was mowing the blasted lawn again. â€Å"Excuse me!† she called, over the fence. For a moment, she thought he hadn’t heard her over the sound of the mower. (Yes, it’s tricky once you get to X! You might find this list helpful, or you might choose to use a sentence-starting word that merely contains an X.) #10: Write with a Sentence Length Limit in Place Can you limit every sentence you write to ten words? (Or fewer!) This might be tricky. It’s a great exercise for bloggers and online marketers, though. Short snappy sentences and paragraphs work well online. You might want to draft as normal, then edit ruthlessly. Or you could count the words as you type. Whatever works for you! (Yes, the sentences in this section are ten words max) #11: Write Without Using Any Adverbs This is a common exercise advised for fiction writers: write a whole scene without using a single adverb. Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs. They often (though not always) end with –ly. Here are a few sentences with the adverbs indicated in bold: The girl walked quickly to school. (â€Å"Quickly† is modifying the verb â€Å"walked†.) Slowly, the fairly tall man stood.   (â€Å"Slowly† is modifying the verb â€Å"stood†, and â€Å"fairly† is modifying the adjective â€Å"tall†) On the bus, the baby cried dismayingly loudly. (â€Å"Dismayingly† is modifying the adverb â€Å"loudly†, and â€Å"loudly† is modifying the verb â€Å"cried†.) Writing without adverbs forces you to write crisper, clearer (and shorter!) sentences, which often have more impact. In particular, you’ll find yourself choosing stronger verbs. All of these sentences could replace â€Å"The girl walked quickly to school† – and each has a slightly different nuance: The girl strode to school. The girl hurried to school. The girl power-walked to school. Of course, adverbs aren’t bad in themselves – so I don’t recommend avoiding them in all your writing! This exercise can help you, though, to be more aware of when you’re using adverbs unnecessarily. Pick one of the above  exercises to try out during your writing time this week. (If you’re feeling up for it, pick two and combine them – how about rewriting a classic without using any adverbs?) Have fun! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know

Climate Change as a Moral Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Climate Change as a Moral Issue - Essay Example Climate change has tremendous effect on humanity and it is nowadays the most significant moral challenge that people face. Mother Nature is morally neutral considering the fact that each year natural catastrophes like global warming, tsunami, devastating earthquakes result in millions of casualty. The moral issues lie within the humans by the ways in which we prepare ourselves in defending such disasters and help the victims (Carter n.d.).The change in climate and the environmental challenge as a moral issue deserves a significant amount of discussion (Crompton & Kasser, 2009, p.2) considering the fact that nowadays it is the prime global concern. This paper deals with different aspects of the climatic change as a moral issue and elaborates the role of politics and public in meeting this challenge. Climate change and moral issue The climatic change is inculcated with complex moral troubles, which the present political system is not well adapted to address properly. Many societies are unaware and not well tailored with the variability in climatic change. As a result they are more vulnerable to the devastations of the climatic change that will adversely affect their economic and political indicators which in turn will bring a spillover effect in the international scenario. The climatic change can be viewed as a striking challenge to our moral self. It can be viewed as a paradigm moral problem, however much more multifaceted in nature. The characteristic of a paradigm moral problem is that an individual will harm or make another individual worse off and both the individuals and the damage done that way are identifiable. Again the individuals and the concerned damage are closely linked in terms of time and space. In this case an example may be considered; suppose David intentionally stole James’s bike, in this example the notion of above discussed concept is clear. Here both the individual and the damage are identified and they are also closely linked in tim e and space. But the moral problem related to the climatic change is not so simple and another example will illustrate that, suppose ‘Jack and a large number of unacquainted people set in motion a chain of events that causes a large number of future people who will live in another part of the world, from ever having bikes’ (Jamieson 2007, p.2). In this particular example the identification of the agents causing damage or generating negative externality is not properly identifiable. This refers to the fact that damage caused this way transmits through time and affects future group of people whose numbers can be predicted but cannot be exactly determined at present time frame. Similar to this the climate change affects different groups of people over various time frames and both of them can not be identified with pin point accuracy. More interestingly people are often indifferent or even at dark regarding the future loss incurred through climatic change as that do not dir ectly affect them. Owing to these facts and minimal difference in characteristic with the usual moral problem; the climatic change often does not get considered as a moral problem, which has resulted in common negligence in responding to this problem with utmost urgency (Jamieson 2007, pp. 1-2). Climate Change as a challenge to the Political System Political concerns

The Art of English Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

The Art of English - Assignment Example The current of the moths flying strongly this way. A lamp and a flower pot in the centre. The flower can always be changing. But there must be more unity between each scene than I can find at present. Autobiography it might be called. How am I going to make one lap or act, between the coming of the moths, more intense than another; if there are only scenes? One must get the sense that this is the beginning; this is the middle; that the climax – when she opens the window and the moth comes in. I shall have two different currents – the moths flying along; the flowers upright in the centre; a perpetual crumbling and renewing of the plant, In its leaves she might see things happen. But who is she? ... Virginia Woolf After reading passages such as this where the only human is simply described as ‘She’ and does nothing more than open a window, one can agree with Kronenburg ( as quoted by Liukkonen 2008) who claimed that Woolf was not concerned about her human cha racters but rather, ‘the poetic symbols, of life--the changing seasons, day and night, bread and wine, fire and cold, time and space, birth and death and change.’ This is a description of a purely internal process – no one watching would be able to guess what was going on unless they read over her shoulder. And even then they might ask ‘What’s she going on about?’ This lack of physical action has an effect upon the minds of readers – they are more used to stories with a beginning, a middle and an end – stories about people’s actions, achievements or disappointments, but Woolf seems much more concerned with the mind’s inner workings – thoughts, sensations, emotions, and often people find this harder to deal with. This would be especially so if they aren’t themselves as introspective, aren’t so concerned with why one acts in a certain way as in the action itself. She intends to write a novel yet s ays ‘ I am not writing a story’ – how can a novel not be a story? Virginia Woolf has had two books of her diaries published. This selection comes from ‘A Writer’s Diary’ and was edited by her husband Leonard. She was born Adeline Virginia Stephen in 1882, so was 47 at the time of this entry. The other work considered is by a soldier and prisoner of war. Both writers are Londoners, but John Mansel on the other hand was 32 when he wrote so they are almost, but not quite, of the same generation and background. John Mansel (1909- 1974) trained as an architect , but joined the Territorial Army in 1935. His diaries cover the period of his interment in Germany as a prisoner-of-war during the 2nd World War. There were huge differences between their lives – not least that Woolf was permanently scarred by childhood sexual interference. Both came from financially secure backgrounds.- Mansel senior was a stockbroker. He had attended both school and university and had professional qualifications - Virginia Woolf had never been to any kind of school. Mansel’s diary only covered the war years, whereas Woolf was a full time professional writer whose works, although not the easiest to read, were read widely. Mansel’s writing was presumably meant of only private consumption, at least in the first instance, although he is careful not to mention names, probably in case of causing offence. It was not published until a few years after his death. They each use the diary form in different ways. Woolf seems to be using it as preliminary

Counter Terrorism Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Counter Terrorism Planning - Essay Example 15). This paper is aimed at providing a planning for Counter Terrorism (CT) planning with the help of setting up a training organization. Different actions: Having the supports and positive contributions from the global community in performing almost any accomplishment lends credibility as well as legitimacy to those feats. This is in the most excellent consideration associated with the United States for gathering the support of different allies, friends, as well as the global community when performing preemptive strikes. Nevertheless, if the extent of the danger is of such kind of scale or impending incidence ‘that time is of the essence’, the United States should swiftly perform preemptive strikes as well as the United States should act unilaterally. After America, people of this organization and its allies are safe; this will then be regarded as the conscientiousness of the nation and also of the organization to give a compelling folder to the global community on why these people have acted. The organization must not hold themselves above the inspection and judgment related to the global community. Global support lends to greater credibility. ... us establishing different new partnerships; counterfeiting bilateral as well as multilateral collaboration; and also targeting their preemptive strike policies or strategies against antagonistic states and violent terrorist. Unilateral action must not be implemented lengthily or in a negligent manner. Unilateral action must be the exemption, while multilateral action must be the standard they must strive to attain. If unable to attain multilateral agreement, collaboration or agreement then the nation and the organization must take action alone in their national interest. Different multilateral operations while preferred have important time as well as expediency limitations that may be complex to overcome or attain. They will continue to construct coalitions to support their efforts, and also to look for different multilateral support for the purpose of preemptive strike processes. With such immense threats to the organization and also to the United States as well as the greater globa l community, this is very important that these people of organization work intimately with like-minded nations on an inclusive preventive, preemption, as well as deterrence strategy. Hence these people must attempt greater level of multilateral collaboration within the capabilities as well as limitations of the global community, however in the dearth of collaboration or time they should be prepared to take action unilaterally (Westphal, 2003, p. 14). The organisation must also take care of the people’s safety issue by restricting illegal activities within the country (COMMONWEALTH, 2009, p. 19). Tasks Conditions Standards Setting up anti-terrorist group Coordination from government and private sectors for funding and man-power High-level of standard in terms of modern and developed

An Environmental Risk Assessment Environmental Sciences Essay

An Environmental Risk Assessment Environmental Sciences Essay All over the world, rapid industrial development of metropolitan cities have always resulted in a growth in population and also in the general increase of the size of municipal solid waste generated. The management of municipal solid waste, if not handled properly, will lead to various problems now and in the future. Developed countries in the world have, to a large extent succeeded in handling their waste using various principles and methods. From suitable collection methods to technologically advanced disposal methods, they have made sure that municipal solid waste has been effectively controlled in their cities. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about other developing countries of the world. Developing countries such as Nigeria are still battling with municipal solid waste management. As a direct result of the oil boom, Port Harcourt city, the capital of Rivers State, Nigeria (which is the case study of this research work) has experienced a major rural- urban migration. The population has almost tripled over the years. This has, in turn, led to a massive increase in the sheer volume of solid waste generated within the city.. Approximately 168,201 tonnes of solid waste are produced in the city of Port Harcourt every year and waste disposal has not been effectively handled. Residents resort to indiscriminate discarding of their waste at every given opportunity The most common means of waste disposal in the city by the public are mainly by dumping the refuse by the road, burning the refuse in the open air in their compounds, littering it openly on street corners and also dumping them in rivers and streams and drainage systems. These methods of waste disposal contribute greatly to the degradation of the environment in so many ways. However, very little is done to reuse and recycle the solid waste generated. Research shows that a huge percentage of the public do not recycle and reuse their wastes which indicates that the awareness level of the public about reuse and recycling of waste in Port Harcourt city is very low and offers a lot of prospect for improvement. This study therefore investigates the reasons why proper waste disposal methods are neglected by residents of Port Harcourt. It also seeks to discover why the method of Reuse and Recycle of waste is not getting the awareness and Government support it greatly deserves. Recommendations were made about strategies that will allow the government and stakeholders involved to advance on modern methods of waste Reuse and Recycling as a core aspect of municipal solid waste management in the city. Through the use of data collated via questionnaires, it was gathered that a majority of respondents agree that reuse and recycling of waste can positively impact the environment, create revenue and also employment opportunities. It reconnoitres the link between reuse and recycling of solid waste as a means to create revenue and to ultimately achieve sustainable development in the future. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY According to Shah (2000), solid waste is defined as any material that is unwanted or thrown away. The general community views waste as something worthless that should be destroyed or thrown away. As such, proper disposal of waste has constituted huge disposal problems. People commonly dump their household solid waste on the road side, unapproved dumpsites and illegal landfills. This has brought about untold environmental pollution as well as major setbacks in societal development (Mbata 2010). Waste in general is a threat to the environment, because of its negative environmental impacts that result from littering, dumping of wastes illegally, and greenhouse gas emissions (Hosetti 2006). Waste contaminates ground water and can cause serious health hazards if not handled and managed properly. In developing countries like Nigeria and indeed Africa in general, industrial development has enhanced the problems of rapid urbanization. In Nigeria today, solid waste management is one of the principal problems faced by the state and local government authorities in Nigeria. Solid waste management in Nigeria is basically pigeon-holed by ineffective collection and disposal methods (Ogwueleka 2009). As such, Ogu (2000) observed that solid waste management continues to remain a formidable challenge to most developing countries. The progression of civilization in developing nations such as Nigeria has greatly enhanced waste generation; making it even more complex to handle (Jayarama, 2011). Owing to the growing population of Nigeria, the volume of waste produced is also increasing in metropolitan cities like Port Harcourt, especially as it is an oil producing area and the exploration of oil has led to an increase in movement of people from rural to urban areas (Odiba, 2009). This rapid expansion of key cities in Nigeria, like Port Harcourt, has led to the dilapidation of the environment mostly by domestic waste (Onyinlola, 2005). According to UNEP (2009) population growth and industrialization has resulted in rapid increase in the types and volume of solid waste generated therein. Research shows that relocation of the people from rural to urban areas does not only increase the revenue of the country, but also increases the total volume of municipal solid waste generated in such areas. (Adedokun, 2009). Municipal solid waste disposal methods are an aspect that raises serious concern in a third world country such as Nigeria. The common methods of solid waste disposal in some countries especially Nigeria is by landfill, open dumping on the streets, and by burning the waste in backyards or in an open space. Unfortunately, roughly 65% of household wastes are dumped straight into rivers or streams in Nigeria (Rakshit 2009). The use of dumpsites and landfills as waste disposal systems is yet another common means of waste disposal in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. This leads to very negative environmental impacts such as the emission of methane gas which contributes essentially to global warming and also reduces the amount of land available for development (Olowomeye 2010). Dumping of waste in landfills also leads to ground water contamination of the entire surrounding areas. Okosun(2011) also observed that uncontrolled dumping of wastes by roadsides results in various health hazards and reduces the aesthetic quality of the environment. Through research shows that the problems associated with waste disposal can be traced back to the 14th century when the littering of food waste and other solid wastes in the town led to the outbreak of diseases that caused the death of half of the Europeans at the time (Bortoleto 2011). Over the years, research has continually shown that the main reason for solid waste problems in urban areas of developing nations is due to high population growth rates and the prevailing poverty (Affun 2009). The economic and social growth of a country or city always results in increased production and manufacturing activities. This, in turn, leads to activities that are synonymous with human existence such as production, manufacturing, waste generation and disposal. As a direct result of the processes of manufacturing and disposal of consumables, there is a significant increase of the rate of pollution. This depletes valuable natural resources and also releases toxic energy which pollutes the environment, making sustainable development impossible to achieve. Sustainability as a word has always been used in our everyday lingo. According to Hideroni (2006) it is defined in a perspective of natural environmental protection, population growth and economic gap between developed and developing countries. Sustainable development entails an environmentally comprehensive, cost effective and socially suitable management of solid waste (Roberts, 2003). Sustainable development is a theory that has to be integrated into the everyday lives of the populace if we want to achieve a better quality of life for our unborn children (Dernbach, 2002). In the recordings of the International Council for Local Initiatives(ICLI),sustainable development is such that provides environmental, social and economic amenities to all citizens of the society without disrupting the capability of the natural built social systems upon which the delivery of these services depend on. The main aim of sustainable development is to regenerate the badly damaged environment and ensur e that generations unborn do not face the adverse effects of our neglect on the environment. Therefore, solid waste management with sustainable development in mind encourages countries to generate less waste, re-use most consumables, recycle and try their utmost best to recover and reuse all the waste produced, thereby ensuring that the future generation are not affected by the impacts of the current generation (Mbata 2010). Sustainable development is a concept that needs to be taken into attention for effective waste management. With regards to this, countries all over the world including Nigeria, are striving to achieving sustainability (Hasheela, 2009). Therefore, all necessary steps and precautions should be taken to achieve this goal PROBLEM STATEMENT Having a population of over 165million people and an annual growth rate of 5.6%, Nigeria is considered the largest country in Africa. Growth rate of urban areas in Nigeria has increased from 25% in 1975 to 46% in 1995(George,2010) Estimates by the World Bank indicate that by the year 2005, more than 65% of Nigerians would have migrated to urban areas such as Lagos, Port Harcourt, Delta, Calabar and Abuja (Alkali, 2005). The cause for this relocation is essentially due to oil exploration activities of oil companies in these areas. As a result of this, the wastes generated from these areas have been on the increase and its disposal and effective management is a huge challenge to the government and municipalities involved. It can be observed that the major problem associated with solid waste management comes about due to the large heaps of refuse dumped illegally by the road sides and market places (Odiba 2003). As horrid as it sounds, it is still common practise in Nigeria to dump wast e illegally without thinking of the impact of such practices on our environment. Waste management problems in Nigerian cities according to (Ogwueleka 2009) are typically associated with lack of concern and participation from the general public. He further stated that most of the waste policies are made without putting the public, who are the main waste generators, into thought. The manner, in which waste is controlled in Port Harcourt, Nigeria (the study area) is a big threat to the environment and can cause health hazards (Hasheela2009). A plethora of health hazards such as malaria fever, typhoid fever, diarrhoea, cholera and even skin diseases have been shown to be the effects of poor waste management in any environment (Guobadia 2011). It is needless to say that ineffective waste management is a big danger to the goal of sustainable development and if no positive advances are made in the area of managing waste, there will be catastrophic, long term environmental impacts on the people now and generations unborn. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES AIM The principal aim of this project is to examine and discover the various ways how the Reuse and Recycling of Municipal Solid Wastes can lead to sustainable development and revenue generation. To establish, through comprehensive analysis and statistical analysis that waste Reuse and recycling the most suitable method of Municipal Solid Waste Management in a developing country such as Nigeria and can ultimately lead to Sustainable development. Objectives To evaluate the various already existing techniques/methods of Municipal Solid waste collection and disposal in Port Harcourt city and Nigeria as a whole. To determine, based on an Environmental Risk Assessment, the most significant waste related risk currently in the case study area (Port Harcourt) To appraise the present level of awareness shown by the public and the current efforts of the government in creating more awareness and providing environmental education to members of the public on efficient, environmental friendly methods of waste disposal such as Reuse and recycling. To explore the barriers that prevents the reusing and recycling of the major components of Municipal solid waste such as paper waste, plastic waste. To deal with Solid waste reuse and recycling as important aspects of national economy and environmental as a means of sustainable development and revenue generation. Research Questions This study is concerned with achieving sustainable development and potential revenue generation through Reuse and Recycling as a method of Municipal Solid Waste Management. It will seek to answer the following: Why is there a need to reuse and recycle municipal solid waste? In what ways can Reuse and recycling of municipal solid waste lead to the achievement of sustainable development? Can Revenue generation be guaranteed through the continuous use of reuse and recycling as the core method of municipal solid waste management? 1.5 Significance of study Sustainable development is the ultimate goal of every society and should be pursued with all diligence. This research highlights the significance of municipal solid waste (such as paper glass and plastics) as useful resources through reuse and recycling towards Sustainable development and revenue generation for Port Harcourt city and Nigeria as a country. 1.6 Scope and limitation of study This project work was limited to only the processes of reuse and recycling of municipal solid waste as a means to sustainable development in Port Harcourt city. Only recyclable waste such as plastics, paper and glass were used as a case study because they are the major waste materials found in municipal solid waste in Port Harcourt. However, all other processes of municipal waste management such as composition, collection, transportation and disposal were also looked to during the course of this research. 1.7 Structure of Study Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the research, covers the background of the study, discusses its aims and objectives, and also proposes relevant research questions. Chapter 2 details the literature reviews of municipal waste management, views reuse and recycling as a means for sustainable development and revenue generation, and also the present-day situation of waste management in Nigeria Chapter 3 shows the methodology employed for achieving the set aims and objectives of the study. Chapter 4 discusses the results and draws conclusions from the data generated. Chapter 5 finally discusses the summary findings, shows the researchers conclusions and his suggested recommendations for the best way forward. d recommendations for the best way forward. CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2.1 Definition of Waste Waste is a direct consequence of human existence and activity. It can be said to be totally unavoidable. Different definitions of waste abound. It is, however, important to state that the term waste is very subjective. This is because, what one person may consider as waste can be viewed as an object of high value by another person.(Ajomo, 2010). A very strict legal definition of waste to comply with the law is therefore necessary; as such firm definitions of waste have legal, financial and social implications for the government, local authorities, businesses, and the general public (Williams 2005). In common parlance, waste can be defined as any product or material that is unwanted. Wright (1990) describes waste as anything that has lost its utility value in the sight of the original owner and everyone else in general. However, the European Council framework Directive (waste Framework Directive 75/442/EEC 1975) offers a legal definition of waste. It defines waste as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any material where the holder has an intention to discard the material as no longer part of the normal commercial cycle of the chain of utility This is the universally recognised definition of waste. Different countries may have slightly different deviations of this definition based on their laws, culture and prevailing times, circumstances and practices. According to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), under the auspices of Provision Decree 42 of 1988, waste is said to be substances or objects which are disposed of, or are intended to be disposed of, or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Omobolaji, 2010) 2.2 Classification of waste There are different types of wastes that can be found all around us. Different nations define/classify waste according to the state in which the waste is formed i.e. solid, gas or liquid or the way the waste is generated. Based on this, waste can be classified Industrial waste, household wastes, medical waste, construction waste, commercial wastes, radioactive wastes, etc. However, in general terms, all these types of wastes can be classed into two main kinds, namely Controlled and Uncontrolled wastes: Controlled Waste Controlled wastes, according to the provisions of the Control of Pollution Act !974 (COPA) are said to be mainly Household waste commercial/ industrial wastes. It is a UK term covering waste subject to a duty of care under the Environmental Protection Act of 1990. Industrial Wastes: these are wastes that are generated as a direct result of industrial practices. They include waste thermoplastics, waste wood cuttings and trimmings etc. However, they do not include plastic medical waste, waste steel cuttings and waste paper (Environmental Law Library 2010). Commercial Wastes: They are the various waste materials gotten from trade and business buildings and activities. Household Wastes: Are those waste products generated from activities inside a residential house. Examples of this kind of wastes are garden waste, paper and cardboard, glass, food remnants, wood etc. Non-Controlled waste Non controlled wastes are classified as those waste products that are not under the direct control and jurisdiction of the appropriate local authority. These kinds of wastes include wastes that are as a direct result of mining and quarrying activities, and agricultural wastes and also, radioactive wastes (Wright, 2003) Agricultural Wastes: These wastes are primarily the types that arise from agricultural activities such as livestock litter. They also include waste pesticides asbestos roofing material and also waste oil coming from machinery, chemicals with hazardous properties etc. Radioactive Wastes: these refer to waste that contain radioactive materials. They usually originate from nuclear power plants, or industries that emit radioactive substances or compounds during the course of their operations( Barnstein,2009) http://www.eauc.org.uk/image_uploads_waste/wasteclassificationframework_large.jpg Figure 2.2.1 Classifications of Wastes (Source: EAUC, 2009) 2.3 Municipal Solid Waste Management Municipal solid waste (MSWs) refers to all the solid waste generated within a given municipality. They are primarily organic and inorganic in nature and are produced in residential homes, office complex, shops, hospitals etc. Although everybody in the society has the duty to dispose of refuse in a decent manner, municipal solid waste is usually the responsibility of the local government authorities (Okogbue, 2001). Municipal solid waste is those wastes collected by metropol5ises independent of the main source of waste (Bernstein, 2009). Such wastes include household wastes; waste produced by business buildings and small neighbourhood stores. They do not, however, include waste from industrial practices or agricultural solid waste (Filemon, 2008) In the words of Robert Klein (2002) municipal solid waste refers to the assemblage, transfer, treatment, recycling, and disposal of solid waste in urban areas. The goal of municipal solid waste management are targeted at promoting the quality of the urban environment, generate employment and income, and protecting environmental health (Ogwueleka, 2009). According to Kit Strangen (2002), municipal solid waste may comprise of some, if not all of the following items: Street garbage/litter or sweepings. Household waste (usually generated from recycling and composting waste deposited by house residents at waste disposal sites). Hazardous waste (in small quantities gotten from households) Garden/green waste and Bulky solid waste also generated from households. Municipal Solid Waste management can be said to encompass all the activities that has to do with handling all the waste generated within a municipality, from the point of source, to the final point of disposal. In the words of McGraw(1993), municipal solid waste management is the discipline attendant with the control of the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and control of disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations and that is also responsive to public attitudes Bloomberg (1989) described solid waste management as the discipline that deals with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in agreement with the best principles of public health, economics, preservation, aesthetics and other environmental concerns and that is also responsive to public expe ctations and outlooks. The United Nations (1997) defines solid waste management as the entire process of control and supervision of solid wastes from its point of generation to its end point of disposal. 2.4 Principles of Waste Management Solid waste management has been said to refer to all activities relating to the control, assortment, relocation, treatment and handling of solid waste in agreement with the best values of public living and other environmental considerations (Shan, 2000). Therefore, operative principles of waste management comprises of waste prevention, reduction, recycling, treatment and disposal in the environment (Shan, 2000). Failure to effectively manage waste in the environment leads to rapid degradation and it poses long term problems to everyone. Research has shown that, in order to successfully manage waste and minimise the damaging effects it has on the environment, some strategies should be adopted and implemented: Waste Recovery (waste recycling, re-use and treatment) Prevention of waste generation Environmentally friendly Waste disposal. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Waste_hierarchy.svg/300px-Waste_hierarchy.svg.png Figure 2.4: Waste Management Hierarchy (Source: Liennmann, 2009) These strategies are aimed at reducing the overall amount of waste produced by encouraging proper management of waste. It also aims at recovering as much value as possible from all the waste generated. As shown on figure 2.4, waste prevention should ideally be the first approach to waste management before other options are considered (Klein, 2000). Effective implementation of this waste management hierarchy will lead to a reduction in the volume of the final waste disposed (Hasheela 2009). Magali and Bodart (2010) suggested that for sustainable development to be achieved, waste management activities should be dedicated towards waste reduction, which is at the top of the hierarchy, using the very practicably best environmental choices. Therefore the main aim of the waste management hierarchy is the reduction of waste at source. Waste recovery and reuse should be the secondary aim as they involve other processes such as recycling, composting, and recovery of energy. However, recent studies have shown that the waste management hierarchy strategy is not the most effective. This is because it is not based on any scientific principle.it cannot specifically choose the best system for a city or country to adopt. For example, the waste management strategy cannot equate composting and incineration; or recycling and landfilling in terms of their environmental impacts and cost (Letcher, 2004). This goes to show that the waste hierarchy should be followed flexibly as a guide rather than rigidly in order to achieve a stable environmental, economic and social solution (Raven, 2011) Aside from the above mentioned constraint, implementing this strategy in a developing country such as Nigeria will be difficult. This is because of the prevailing norms of illegal refuse disposal all across the nation. It will therefore entail adequate environmental awareness/education for the public. More so, stringent environmental laws and regulations should be implemented by all concerned. 2.4.1 Prevention of Waste Waste prevention remains the best form of waste management because it is the most effective way of reducing the amount of waste that is generated. It is also the most environmental friendly means has it has absolutely no effect on the environment. It reduces pollution, saves electricity and saves far more energy than all other means of waste prevention (Vallero, 2004). Finkbeiner (2003) stated that the number one priority in waste management should be waste prevention as it is the best way to stop the accumulation of waste and a reduction of loss of resources. This process should be started at the source of production. The primary approach of waste prevention and reduction is for the manufacturers to redesign and package their products with the lowest toxicity and least volume of material. Industrialist and households can also reduce their waste by selective buying and recycle of some products and materials (Angell, 1995). It can be said that waste reduction depends mainly on the consumers and the choices they make. As such production and manufacturing companies should adopt cleaner trends in the production process. They should also try to encouragement the consumers choice to support less wasteful products and services (CEC 2001). This can be achieved through the use of clean technology. Their ability to choose sustainable products that have the least negative effect on the environment is the key to sustainable waste management (Spoolman, 2008). 2.4.2 Recovery of Waste/Energy Recovery is a waste management method whereby the biological, physical or chemical essence of a waste product is altered in order to reduce the effect of such waste on the environment (Cheremisinoff, 2003) Energy can be recovered through various means; example chemical, thermal, physical and biological processes. Some waste management strategies for recovery of energy include: Composting: This is an environmental friendly way of decreasing the volume of waste produced and also producing fertilizer (Bertoldi, 2006). Because of the low negative impact it has on the environment, the European Union has rated this method of waste disposal very high (DEFRA, 2006). It is a microbial based aerobic method that deals with the gains of resource efficiency and creates useful products from waste material that could have otherwise been discarded (USEPA 2011). The process of composting is particularly favoured for use in the tropical and hot climate countries. This is because of the high rate of biodegradation in those regions as a result of the climate. According to Tyler and Scott (1999) almost 70% of the waste streams in developing countries are compostable. The general procedure of composting is such that the organic ratios of municipal solid wastes is isolated from the inorganic portions and then laid bare to composting, this can be done in a mechanized fashion usin g machines and tools to handle the wastes and regulate the composting conditions. Composting can also be semi mechanized in which case the composting process is allowed to occur naturally and less machinery is used. Composting also removes the organic matter in the waste stream thereby improving the recycling and incineration processes. Nevertheless, a number of greenhouse gases such as methane, carbon dioxide etc. are released into the atmosphere during this process, among other things, hence it is obvious that composting has its negative environmental impacts. Incineration: Incineration is another method of reducing municipal solid waste. It essentially entails the combustion of waste materials with the use of an incinerator under temperatures of over 1000 Degree Celsius (Environmental Protection Department, 2005). During the incineration process, solid waste is sorted out on the basis of their combustibility. Thereafter, the combustible materials among the waste are thrown into the incinerator and burnt. Incineration of waste is a highly effective method of reducing waste as studies have shown that it reduces the amount of waste dumped in landfills by up to 80% volume and weight (Roberts, 1978). However, this method is quite capital intensive and also requires high maintenance cost and technical expertise. This is why it is only popular among developed nations and countries such as Nigeria do not readily practice it (World Bank, 2002). Anaerobic absorption : Anaerobic digestion is a biochemical procedure that takes place when there is an build-up of wet organic matter, in the lack of dissolved oxygen. Through the action of anaerobic microorganisms, organic matter is converted to water, methane and new cells. These are then collected and used as gaseous fuel while the soil dregs are used as soil conditioner. Anaerobic absorption also aids processes of landfilling by eliminating sticky organic waste materials that are responsible for gaseous and liquid radiations. It is normally carried out in close tanks that allow for the collection of large portions of biogas produced (Keller, 2007) Studies indicate that this process of waste management reduces the total volume and weight of waste generated by over 25% (Jason, 2009). It is fundamental to create renewable energy from biodegradable waste, rather than contributing to climate change through the release of methane gas that occurs during landfilling and incineration (Marek, 2007) According to EA (2001), methane gas is 20mtimes more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas. The residue gathered from anaerobic absorption comes in both liquid and solid form. This residue is known as digestate and is used to condition the soil and also as a fertilizer. This by-product is used widely on farms in countries like Germany, Sweden, and Austria. (Hardtle,2007) propounds that about 0.46% of electricity needed in the UK can be generated through the anaerobic digestion of food waste. Unfortunately, the usage of anaerobic absorption in developing countries like Nigeria is very limited due to lack of expertise, technology and the relevant infrastructure. Landfilling: For landfilling, the solid waste is dumped and spread over the land and is left for its transformation to humus. This is attained by the biodegradation of the waste matter. Landfilling is the final step in the disposal of waste that cannot be treated or recycled, together with other residues from waste that cannot be collected, separated or handled in any other way (Nemerow,2007) There are three types of landfill carried out in Africa today, namely open or dump landfill, semi controlled or operated landfill and sanitary landfill. Open /dump landfill is the most crude form of landfilling and that is the one still being practiced in most developing countries

Dulce Et Decorum Est :: essays research papers

The irony in the poem Dulce it Decorum Est is that it is not sweet and fitting to die for one’s country when you have actually experienced war. Owen is describing how psychologically and physically exhausting W.W.I was for the soldiers that had to endure such a cruel ordeal and not how patriotic and honorable it was . In the first stanza Owen describes how the soldiers are trudging back to camp from battle. We see the soldiers, fatigued and wounded, returning to base camp: Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards are distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots... Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind. The way Owen describes the trudge back to camp allows the reader to open their minds to the events that are occurring. This allows them to see the cruel reality that the war was for the soldiers. I believe Owen’s use of these images are aimed at discouraging the mere thought of war. In the second stanza Owen is describing a gas attack on the soldiers as they are trudging back to camp. Owen describes the soldiers fumbling to get their mask fastened, all but one, a lone soldier. He is struggling to get his mask on but doesn’t get it fastened quick enough and suffers from the full effects of deadly gas: Gas! Gas! Quick boys!-An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And flound’ring like a man in fire or lime... Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. The way Owen describes a comrade watching as a lone soldier is struggling to get his mask fastened awakens the minds of the readers to see the psychological effect that this had on the soldiers. Making the reader see that war is cruel and unjust. In the third stanza Owen is describing the dead soldier. This allows the reader to view war in its full affect: In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil’s sick sin; If you could hear at every jolt, the blood

John Keats Essay

In John Keats â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale,† answer the following: Identify some Romantic quality about this poem. Explicate. This may require that you provide an example from the work. I feel that there is a â€Å"romantic quality† to Stanza 2. This stanza goes: 2. O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been Cool’d a long age in the deep-delved earth, Tasting of Flora and the country green Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt Mirth! O for a beaker full of the warm South, Full of the true, the blushful Hyppocrene, With beaded bubbles winking at the brim, And purple-stained mouth; That I might drink; and leave the world unseen. And with thee fade away into the forest dim: (Poetical, 2005) To me, it seems that the poet is now moving into a world of fantasy, a state the vintage can help bring him into, a pleasurable state of Mirth. He wants to join the nightingale and he uses vintage to take him there. In stanza 2, the reader begins to see and feel the images of â€Å"the country green, Dance, and Provencal song†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It all can have a romantic, fantasy quality to it. All of the visual images along with sunburnt Mirth combines to bring the poet and the reader into what could be thought of as a romantic state of drunkenness. In John Keats â€Å"Eve of St. Agnes,† answer the following: 1. Who is the Beadsman, and what part does he play in the story? It is the Beadsman’s penance to tell Madeline the superstition of St. Agnes Eve. The Beadsman is alone and cold in the chapel praying for the Baron and his friends who are partying. In these days Beadsman were paid to pray for their employer. This brings irony to the poem in that one might think The Beadsman needs the prayers or should be praying for himself. The Beadsman rejects life’s joys. The Beadsman dies this very evening as relayed in the last two lines of the poem (Stanza 42). It could also be noted the Beadsman introduces the religious imagery into the poem when he enters and ends the religious imagery when his part is over. At the beginning of the poem the Beadsman knows his deathbell has rung and indeed it is confirmed by the end of the poem. 2. Why does Angela die? Both Angela and the Beadsman died quietly of old age after witnessing the lovers fleeing into the storm. They played their part and â€Å"exited† the poem. 3. Study the last stanza: do the lovers live happily ever after? What is Keats` point? We don’t really know—it is ambiguous. It states, â€Å"These lovers fled away into the storm† (Stanza 42). I feel that because Keats believed in negative capability or that people have the ability to accept that not everything has to be resolved, he was just allowing the reader to decide rather than writing a trite, obvious ending. It could have also been that Keats didn’t want to end the dream or it to be clearly distinguishable the idea of this being a dream or reality. 4. Do the characters succeed in practicing negative capability? Yes, I feel the characters did succeed in practicing negative capability in that not everything in the poem was resolved for the characters or for the readers. Some of those questions there were no rational explanations for included: was Madeline raped? Why doesn’t Angela tell Madeline that Porphyro was hiding in her closet? Did Madeline and Porphyro die in the storm or live happily ever after? What part of this poem was a dream and what part of it was reality?  Reference (2005). The poetical works of John Keats. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from Great Books Online Web site: http://www. bartleby. com/126/40. html.

Top 10 Questions NOT to Ask Yourself in a Job Search

Top 10 Questions NOT to Ask Yourself in a Job Search You Might Not Like the Answers I’m about to say something radical: If you are searching for a new job, the #1 most dangerous thing you can do is ask yourself questions about your job search. â€Å"What do you mean?† you may ask. â€Å"Are you crazy? All the job search guides tell me to answer questions like what my goals are and what my ideal job is. If I don’t ask myself questions, how will I get answers?† The problem with asking yourself questions is that it is really difficult to have a conversation with yourself. Asking yourself job search questions will get you only the answers that you can generate yourself. Those answers are necessarily limited. Your conversation might sound something like this: What do I want to do next?   Oh, I dont really want to think about that. Im confused. The economy sucks.   Maybe Ill never get a job again. I think I have to do the laundry. Wait, what was that question? Thankfully, theres an alternative to this mind chatter: Have someone ELSE – someone you trust – ask you the important job search questions. You might be surprised at the clarity you achieve when you bounce ideas off another human being. That person might be a job search coach or a relative or a friend. It MUST be someone who listens extremely well and asks good questions. 10 Job Search Questions Here are the top 10 questions to have someone ELSE ask you. Give this list to someone you trust and have him or her read it to you, one question at a time: What do you love about your current position (or last position)? What don’t you like about your current position (or last position)? What would be your ideal work schedule? Do you work best with people or alone? With a lot of supervision or little supervision? What size organization and corporate culture are the best matches for you? How much money do you want/need to make? Is there a job at your current company that you would want to do? And/or is there a way your current job could become your dream job? What’s your dream job? Who in your life can you talk to about what it’s like to do X job? What will you do to find out more about the day to day realities of X job? It doesn’t hurt to begin by answering these questions on your own. You might have some success in generating useful answers. But whatever you do, don’t stop there. I guarantee you that some new thought or clarity will come from having a conversation about these questions with someone other than yourself. If you have a conversation and have success, please report the results in the comments. I’d love to hear about your experiences! Category:Job SearchBy Brenda BernsteinApril 25, 2009 6 Comments Diane Kern says: September 6, 2010 at 10:59 pm What a great article with important and thought provoking questions. I imagine most people never consider half of them, especially #7. Log in to Reply Rosanne Dingli says: September 7, 2010 at 12:07 am It is possible to apply this strategy to other things apart from job seeking! A similar list of questions can be devised when deciding about pursuing a relationship with someone, starting to write a book, devising strategies when raising teenagers There are many varieties of situations where a list of questions like this, asked by another person, could weed out a number of hidden answers. Or answers you have the potential to make, but need to work on. Well done, Brenda! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: September 7, 2010 at 9:26 am Thank you Diane and Rosanne! Rosanne, you are exactly right. Conversations with ourselves are rarely as productive or creative as the ones we have with other good listeners, no matter what the topic! Log in to Reply Paul Novak says: September 7, 2010 at 9:54 am Good article. What youve done is set up a way to provide a critical assessment without the pitfalls of personal bias and preconcieved beliefs. Its helpful because so many of us are unaware of just how often we torpedo our own efforts with credulous beliefs and incorrect assumptions. Its why science has been built upon a core set of reasoning principles designed to eliminate bias and unfounded beliefs. Im much more critical than average by personal choice. Critical thinking skills are easily learned, the hard part is accepting what you learn when you use them. Workarounds to critical thinking like this are valuable because they allow a way to get a more comprehensive and objective assessment done without having to educate about the entire process of critical thinking. Log in to Reply Chris Paulsen says: September 7, 2010 at 11:44 am Brenda, This is a great list for anyone in the job market to consider. Answering these 10 questions should clarify the objectives of the job seeker. Thanks for sharing! Best, Chris Paulsen Log in to Reply Laine D says: September 8, 2010 at 5:41 pm Brenda, What a great way to reassess your needs and objectives the whole process of job hunting (whether you are in a job or not) gets too clouded with emotion and other issues. Your list of well thought out questions provides a great brainstorming and analysis tool whether for use by a third party (or if you have to by yourself) and is a wonderful idea. Wish Id had that when I was looking. Laine D. https://www.ThoughtsFromABroad.net Log in to Reply

Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Essays

Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Essays Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Paper Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Paper Enemies was born 8 December 1928 Is In American psychologist and member of the National Academy of Sciences. He Is a faculty member at Cornell university. He was a great contributor to cognitive psychology with his first book: Cognitive Psychology. His criticism He criticized the field of cognitive psychology; he disagreed with the linear programming model of cognitive psychology, which sees the human brain like an operating computer, with its overemphasis on information processing models used to describe behavior. Moreover he argued that cognitive psychology had failed to dress everyday aspects of human behavior. He blamed the excessive dependence on artificial laboratory tasks for this failure. He felt that in cognitive psychology, there was a severe disconnection between theories of behavior shaped by laboratory experiments and real-world events, which he called ecological validity. Lastly, he criticizes the opinion that individuals are passive in the perception process. Five selves In his article he says; If we are In search of the self, we can look either Inward or outward. To look inward is to focus on private experience, on mental representations, on the self-concept. To look outward is to see the self as embedded in its environment, ecologically and socially situated in relation to other objects and persons. (Enemies, 1994) Human beings confirmation of each others selfless is seen as an aspect of life. : Human beings have different ways to know about themselves; perceiving themselves ecologically or socially, remembrance, conception, reflection and Introspective awareness are some of the spots to see the self from. Despite to the fact that each have their own origins Enemies claims that two perceptions are fundamental compared to other ones; ecological and interpersonal. Enemies, 1993) This view of him is definitely affected by his colleague and friend, James Gibson. Gibson sees the two perceptions like two sides of a coin. Gibson, 1979) Our definition of ourselves differs throughout our life; at first we Just sense the world outside, our environment and define ourselves accordingly; then we distinguish people from the non living: later being spent more time on the world and having different experiences we see ourselves in another way; after that we learn to hide some things from others, we have some thing hidden or in other word: private; and anally we conceptualize a unique self. S o Enemies defines five different selves according to the direction of the view; Ecological self The self as perceived with respect to the physical environment. (l am the one here doing that. ) The limbs and the reach of them are always considered as ecological self; for example people with artificial body parts consider them as themselves because they move according to intentions and coordinated by the shifts in the viewpoint of the person. Interpersonal sell The self that produces species specific signals of emotional relationship and communication. (l am the person engaging in this human relation. ) The ecological self is an active factor in the physical environment; the interpersonal self is an agent in a social environment. We see/perceive ourselves as the target of the other persons attention, and as an agent in the interaction. Extended self The self based on our personal memories and anticipations. (l am the one with certain experiences and certain routines. ) Private self This self appears when children notice that some of their experiences are not directly shared with other people. (l am the one who can feel that unique emotion. ) Conceptual self (self concept) The self drawing its meaning from the network of assumptions in which it is embedded. It can be based on social roles, internal identities or personal characteristics. ( Enemies, 1988). I am an intelligent American professor. The conceptual self consists of the beliefs, appropriate roles, personal attributes, and even worth and value. Parallel to self concept there exist the self-narratives, the stories we tell to ourselves in mind, while encoding experiences to memory. (Enemies Fichus, 1994). However we often tell the story to ourselves in a different way, reconstructing he life in our mind and this leads to another self; the remembered self. His views about Perception Enemies argues that humans are not passive in cognition; they are active participants using their schemata to perceive the information flowing through sensory organs. If the information is relevant it may change the schemata and alter the processing of knowledge derived from the environment. Information action schemata Enemies believes that this conception explains selective perceptions; as the individual wanders throughout the world the schemata anticipates the beneficial information and allocates the resources to perceives it.

Other topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Other topic - Essay Example The essay describes which book was more effective in regard to the style used by the author. Dracula is timeless novel and seems more effective in the writing style than Christine. Dracula is written as a collection of diary sections, letters, telegrams, and notices. According to (Stoker 7) Dracula writes a letter to Jonathan Harker welcoming him to Carpathians. The thought, Stoker lets us know in the note toward the start of the novel, is to present the events of the story as basic actuality, despite the fact that some section of the events are difficult to accept. The accumulation of archives is similar to a pile of confirmation being introduced at court. The truth is out – as the reader, you get the opportunity to go about as judge and jury. The written work style is direct and extremely quick – the characters write in their diaries basically as events are occurring, so the reader encounters the events as the characters do. The novel, Dracula, is made out of a progression of first-person diaries, letters, and statements, which implies there are various narrators, and different perspectives are there represented. Stokers prefatory statement clarifies this, and demands that the main editing that has been done is to cross out anything that isnt important to the story. All the diaries and letters, generally, are precisely as they were initially composed. Dracula is an action-packed narration about vampires and how to execute them. Since it is told from different perspectives through a collection of journal sections, letters, and notes, theres not a considerable measure of boredom. The story moves along at a really decent clasp, so there is never time to be exhausted. The dialect is sometimes troublesome only in light of the fact that it was composed more than a century ago, and there are some dark chronicled and social references that may exhausting for modern readers. In Christine, the author uses almost similar style

Product and Brand Life Cycle Management Assignment

Product and Brand Life Cycle Management - Assignment Example Writing on marketing trends and PLC, Kvesic (2008) observed that the ability of a product to withstand the market over very long time is directly influenced by the extent by which the product responds to present needs of the market. The Apple iPhone 6 and most of its processor brands can thus be noted to be such products that were introduced to meet current demand of phone users. For example, most phone users are now enthused with large screen, flatter and high function operating system, all of which this phone provides (Thomas and Bradshaw, 2014). Whiles the Apple iPhone 6 is in its growth stage, the Moto X, which is a product in the same industry as the former can be said to be in its decline stages or even beyond. Even though the Moto X could be said to have dominated the market well when it was first introduced back in 2013, the same cannot be said of the product today. It is for this reason that the product is said to be at the decline stage of the PLC. This is because at the decline stage of the PLC, Kvesic (2008) noted that the demand for a brand or product begins to drop drastically. Such drop in demand automatically affects sales and the capital injection into the marketing of the product. Interestingly for the Moto X, the maturity of the brand on its lifecycle was not directly related to what was happening with Smartphone as a product. This is because even the declining performance of the brand, other brands of Smartphone that were introduced at the time experienced peaked sales. A typical example of this was the iPh one 5c (Dilger, 2013). From the observation made above where it has been stated that iPhone 5c flourished whiles Moto X declined, it can be noted that marketing mix variables have a lot of roles to play in the marketing of brands and products according to their lifecycle (Perreault Jr., Cannon & McCarthy, 2014). For

To what extent China's historical period since 1978 still shape Essay

To what extent China's historical period since 1978 still shape China's contemporary society How has this been a constituting milestone to modern development or a hindering handicap - Essay Example The policies undertaken by Deng Xiaoping and the subsequent government were aimed at increasing the investments in the industrial sectors and meeting the demands of the people of the country. The political ideologies of the Communist governments changed since 1978. The historical period since 1978 in China has influenced the development of the contemporary societies. The policies of economic liberalization have stimulated the process of increasing demand in the company. This has increased the level of liquidity and has changed the lifestyle of the people of China. The contemporary societies and the lifestyles have been influenced by the economic reforms of the government since 1978. The policy reforms implemented by the Chinese governments have been a milestone for the modern development of China and its rapid growth in a short span of time. The differences between the economic reforms of China and Russia have also been discussed in this work. The socio-political and economic issues in China are wide ranged and varied and can be identified to be rooted from the vast cultural and political history of China, the different economic reforms implemented in China in the late 1970s and the immense population and its growth in China. China demonstrates a bubble economy and a weak social balance which are combined to make the country an unstable one where a number of social, political and economic issues prevail (Jing, 2001, p.4). China is mainly a communist state where the external environment related to conducting business in the country has several socio=political and economic issues. The environment for conducting business in the country is a challenging and complex environment. The political framework as well as the legal structure in China is highly unstable making it difficult for businesses to establish their operations there. The various economic reforms that have been implemented in the 1970s in China have caused increas ing

Negative impact Essay Example for Free

Negative impact Essay There is a proven link between the growing human population and the sustainability of the environment. In Florida’s case, the state has one of the highest rates of population growth in the U. S. with a rate of more than 25% over a period of 10 years (1990-2000), and the consumption (and over-consumption) of resources by this ever-increasing multitude has resulted in the degradation of the ecosystem’s health. Aside from this, the products of human consumption (such as wastes) and human activities, have contributed to the upset in the biogeochemical cycle, and consequently, the ecosystem’s demise. For example, the collapse of Florida’s coastal ecosystems has been tied by scientists to overfishing. Wetlands too, are disappearing at an alarming rate. People are also encroaching upon the natural habitat of animals, displacing the native animal population. For instance, this has lead to an increasing number of snakes and alligators in residential areas. What do you consider the greatest positive impact that humans have made in the same area? In Florida, water is a scarce and depleting resource. Because of the state’s high rate of population growth, scientists are estimating that water drawn from the largest potable water reservoir, the Florida aquifer, will run out by the year 2025. The problem has escalated to a critical point that in Central Florida, potable water is not allowed to be used in irrigation. In 2002, Department of Environmental Protection has launched a statewide comprehensive Water Conservation Program for the public’s water supply. This program has garnered a lot of support and publicity from various sectors of society including the media, schools, even business establishments, and has resulted in further research in the area of water conservation and resource preservation.